Tweet
As some of you know as of recently I'm writing a new Ripper book. The book itself will merely focus on the entire Whitechapel murders together through a criminal investigation perspective, completely taking each and individual murder and disecting them. For much of the book the murders will also be individualized, with a section specifically on the medical investigation aspect of the crimes, along with a specific criminal investigation, going through witnesses,etc. For this there have been several known Coroners, pathologists, Criminal investigators, criminologists, Psychologists, and Psychiatrists involved too offering their own profiles, beliefs from experience with murder cases as well. One of the questions I brought up to How on here was based on a sentence in an entry for Dr. Gordon Brown, in "The Complete Jack the Ripper A to Z" The sentence that caught my eye says:
"It is interesting that Brown reports no trace of sexual connection and refers to the absense of secretion of any kind on the thighs, pointing to his possible expectation that premature ejaculation or masturbation over the body might have occured. This, like Bond's report and Anderson's remarks , points to a surprisingly confident and accurate recognition of the practices of sadistic serial murderers a sophisticated knowledge not possessed by the press or junior police of the period"
One of the major topics that I've always wondered was, did Jack the Ripper premature ejaculate on his victims after murder? This also means did he get some form of sexual relief from the deeds. I figure I'll go through each murder and seperate the details,etc.
Mary Ann Nichols
August 31st, 1888
Unfortunately as we all know, a post-mortem exanimation from Dr. Rees Ralph Llewellyn has not survived. The best recollection of the wounds committed to the body of Nichols are recorded in Llewellyn's Inquest tesimony, in The Times:
"Five teeth were missing, and there was a slight laceration of the tongue. There was a bruise running along the lower part of the jaw on the right side of the face. That might have been caused by a blow from a fist or pressure from a thumb. There was a circular bruise on the left side of the face which also might have been inflicted by the pressure of the fingers. On the left side of the neck, about 1 in. below the jaw, there was an incision about 4 in. in length, and ran from a point immediately below the ear. On the same side, but an inch below, and commencing about 1 in. in front of it, was a circular incision, which terminated at a point about 3 in. below the right jaw. That incision completely severed all the tissues down to the vertebrae. The large vessels of the neck on both sides were severed. The incision was about 8 in. in length. the cuts must have been caused by a long-bladed knife, moderately sharp, and used with great violence. No blood was found on the breast, either of the body or the clothes. There were no injuries about the body until just about the lower part of the abdomen. Two or three inches from the left side was a wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. the injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument."
Now of course with this we have the murderer starting out, or rather "fresh" in his crimes compared to the murders that occured in November of 1888. If this was the same killer, and such, so on and so forth, therefore his gradual perception of the crimes and the way he carried them out, would change overtime. There is a well done article done by own Corey Browning, whos a new poster on this sight (And new Ripperologist too) that deals with the "evolution" aspect of a serial killer and his gradual change over time. With this case we have of course the throat wound which resulted in death.
Now evidence here clearly shows that Nichols was most likely partial strangulated (Due to the marks on her face as well as the laceration of the tongue,etc) What we have in this case is not nearly any forms of mutilation that would be further charted in the other cases, but merely what Llewellyn states:
wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. the injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument.
So therefore we have what are long cuts that seem to have been violently thrusted downwards. the region of the damage to Nichols abdomen being situated around her lower abdomen/pubic region (The medical aspect of my book will further explain and delve into this part of the case so there is no need to further plot my theory here) Beyond that of course there had probably been no sign of connection or sexual intercourse. What we also must grasp is the police did not know what they were dealing with. The Ripper crimes themselves were, and still are one of a kind in their own in the world of Serial murders. Noone has ever quite amassed to the same types of murders in the same succession.
Annie Chapman
September 8th, 1888
After the body was discovered by John Davies a little before 6am. A half hour later, at 6:30, Police Surgeon George Bagster Phillips arrives. In his Inquest testimony, he is quoted as saying the following:
The left arm was placed across the left breast. The legs were drawn up, the feet resting on the ground, and the knees turned outwards. The face was swollen and turned on the right side. The tongue protruded between the front teeth, but not beyond the lips. The tongue was evidently much swollen. The front teeth were perfect as far as the first molar, top and bottom and very fine teeth they were. The body was terribly mutilated...the stiffness of the limbs was not marked, but was evidently commencing. He noticed that the throat was dissevered deeply.; that the incision through the skin were jagged and reached right round the neck...On the wooden paling between the yard in question and the next, smears of blood, corresponding to where the head of the deceased lay, were to be seen. These were about 14 inches from the ground, and immediately above the part where the blood from the neck lay.
[Ansering questions from the coroner]: He should say that the instrument used at the throat and abdomen was the same. It must have been a very sharp knife with a thin narrow blade, and must have been at least 6 in. to 8 in. in length, probably longer. He should say that the injuries could not have been inflicted by a bayonet or a sword bayonet. They could have been done by such an instrument as a medical man used for post-mortem purposes, but the ordinary surgical cases might not contain such an instrument. Those used by the slaughtermen, well ground down, might have caused them. He thought the knives used by those in the leather trade would not be long enough in the blade. There were indications of anatomical knowledge...he should say that the deceased had been dead at least two hours, and probably more, when he first saw her; but it was right to mention that it was a fairly cool morning, and that the body would be more apt to cool rapidly from its having lost a great quantity of blood. There was no evidence...of a struggle having taken place. He was positive the deceased entered the yard alive... (A handkerchief was round the throat of the deceased when he saw it early in the morning. He should say it was not tied on after the throat was cut.)
Dr. Phillips post-mortem report:
He noticed the same protrusion of the tongue. There was a bruise over the right temple. On the upper eyelid there was a bruise, and there were two distinct bruises, each the size of a man's thumb, on the forepart of the top of the chest. The stiffness of the limbs was now well marked. There was a bruise over the middle part of the bone of the right hand. There was an old scar on the left of the frontal bone. The stiffness was more noticeable on the left side, especially in the fingers, which were partly closed. There was an abrasion over the ring finger, with distinct markings of a ring or rings. The throat had been severed as before described. the incisions into the skin indicated that they had been made from the left side of the neck. There were two distinct clean cuts on the left side of the spine. They were parallel with each other and separated by about half an inch. The muscular structures appeared as though an attempt had made to separate the bones of the neck. There were various other mutilations to the body, but he was of the opinion that they occurred subsequent to the death of the woman, and to the large escape of blood from the division of the neck.
The deceased was far advanced in disease of the lungs and membranes of the brain, but they had nothing to do with the cause of death. The stomach contained little food, but there was not any sign of fluid. There was no appearance of the deceased having taken alcohol, but there were signs of great deprivation and he should say she had been badly fed. He was convinced she had not taken any strong alcohol for some hours before her death. The injuries were certainly not self-inflicted. The bruises on the face were evidently recent, especially about the chin and side of the jaw, but the bruises in front of the chest and temple were of longer standing - probably of days. He was of the opinion that the person who cut the deceased throat took hold of her by the chin, and then commenced the incision from left to right. He thought it was highly probable that a person could call out, but with regard to an idea that she might have been gagged he could only point to the swollen face and the protruding tongue, both of which were signs of suffocation.
The abdomen had been entirely laid open: the intestines, severed from their mesenteric attachments, had been lifted out of the body and placed on the shoulder of the corpse; whilst from the pelvis, the uterus and its appendages with the upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri. Obviously the work was that of an expert- of one, at least, who had such knowledge of anatomical or pathological examinations as to be enabled to secure the pelvic organs with one sweep of the knife, which must therefore must have at least 5 or 6 inches in length, probably more. The appearance of the cuts confirmed him in the opinion that the instrument, like the one which divided the neck, had been of a very sharp character. The mode in which the knife had been used seemed to indicate great anatomical knowledge.
He thought he himself could not have performed all the injuries he described, even without a struggle, under a quarter of an hour. If he had down it in a deliberate way such as would fall to the duties of a surgeon it probably would have taken him the best part of an hour
With this case, we have a severe escalation from the murder prior of Nichols. where the lower abdominal area was the "focus" of the Ripper. In this case we are faced with the same similarities as in the death of Nichols. Bruising of face, protrusion of tongue, most likely partial-strangulation followed by the severance of the arteries in her throat, rendering death.
But lets look at a bolded entry from Phillip's post-mortem more carefully:
"upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri."
Not only was the abdominal/vaginal area once more subject and focus of the mutilations, but the vagina was atleast removed enough to where it did not cause damage to the cervix area. We will also see the same situation in mutilations, where the killer removed the vaginal area, leaving the cervix part "unharmed". As in the case of Nichols, with Chapman we have no reported observance of previous connection or sexual contact.
The situation with Nichols & Chapman is that compared to Martha Tabram, an occurence of 39 stabs wounds would be something of a "sexual relief". But a situation where the Ripper would be ripping open a woman's abdomen, and taking away the entire reproductive system would also seem to be a form of sexual gratification.
Catherine Eddowes
September 31st, 1888
We can discount Elizabeth Stride here because of the absense of mutilations. Therefore we move onto Catherine Eddowes and the mutilations and wounds she recieved when she died. PC Watkins located Eddowes's body in the corner of Mitre Square at 1:45am. By 2:00am, Dr. Frederick Gordon Brown, The London Polioce Surgeon, arrived on scene. I have bolded his sentences that are relevant to this thread. His report states:
"The body was on its back, the head turned to left shoulder. The arms by the side of the body as if they had fallen there. Both palms upwards, the fingers slightly bent. The left leg extended in a line with the body. The abdomen was exposed. Right leg bent at the thigh and knee. The throat cut across.
The intestines were drawn out to a large extent and placed over the right shoulder -- they were smeared over with some feculent matter. A piece of about two feet was quite detached from the body and placed between the body and the left arm, apparently by design. The lobe and auricle of the right ear were cut obliquely through.
There was a quantity of clotted blood on the pavement on the left side of the neck round the shoulder and upper part of arm, and fluid blood-coloured serum which had flowed under the neck to the right shoulder, the pavement sloping in that direction.
Body was quite warm. No death stiffening had taken place. She must have been dead most likely within the half hour. We looked for superficial bruises and saw none. No blood on the skin of the abdomen or secretion of any kind on the thighs. No spurting of blood on the bricks or pavement around. No marks of blood below the middle of the body. Several buttons were found in the clotted blood after the body was removed. There was no blood on the front of the clothes. There were no traces of recent connexion.
When the body arrived at Golden Lane, some of the blood was dispersed through the removal of the body to the mortuary. The clothes were taken off carefully from the body. A piece of deceased's ear dropped from the clothing.
I made a post mortem examination at half past two on Sunday afternoon. Rigor mortis was well marked; body not quite cold. Green discoloration over the abdomen.
After washing the left hand carefully, a bruise the size of a sixpence, recent and red, was discovered on the back of the left hand between the thumb and first finger. A few small bruises on right shin of older date. The hands and arms were bronzed. No bruises on the scalp, the back of the body, or the elbows.
The face was very much mutilated. There was a cut about a quarter of an inch through the lower left eyelid, dividing the structures completely through. The upper eyelid on that side, there was a scratch through the skin on the left upper eyelid, near to the angle of the nose. The right eyelid was cut through to about half an inch.
There was a deep cut over the bridge of the nose, extending from the left border of the nasal bone down near the angle of the jaw on the right side of the cheek. This cut went into the bone and divided all the structures of the cheek except the mucous membrane of the mouth.
The tip of the nose was quite detached by an oblique cut from the bottom of the nasal bone to where the wings of the nose join on to the face. A cut from this divided the upper lip and extended through the substance of the gum over the right upper lateral incisor tooth.
About half an inch from the top of the nose was another oblique cut. There was a cut on the right angle of the mouth as if the cut of a point of a knife. The cut extended an inch and a half, parallel with the lower lip.
There was on each side of cheek a cut which peeled up the skin, forming a triangular flap about an inch and a half. On the left cheek there were two abrasions of the epithelium under the left ear.
The throat was cut across to the extent of about six or seven inches. A superficial cut commenced about an inch and a half below the lobe below, and about two and a half inches behind the left ear, and extended across the throat to about three inches below the lobe of the right ear.
The big muscle across the throat was divided through on the left side. The large vessels on the left side of the neck were severed. The larynx was severed below the vocal chord. All the deep structures were severed to the bone, the knife marking intervertebral cartilages. The sheath of the vessels on the right side was just opened.
The carotid artery had a fine hole opening, the internal jugular vein was opened about an inch and a half -- not divided. The blood vessels contained clot. All these injuries were performed by a sharp instrument like a knife, and pointed.
The cause of death was haemorrhage from the left common carotid artery. The death was immediate and the mutilations were inflicted after death.
We examined the abdomen. The front walls were laid open from the breast bones to the pubes. The cut commenced opposite the enciform cartilage. The incision went upwards, not penetrating the skin that was over the sternum. It then divided the enciform cartilage. The knife must have cut obliquely at the expense of that cartilage.
Behind this, the liver was stabbed as if by the point of a sharp instrument. Below this was another incision into the liver of about two and a half inches, and below this the left lobe of the liver was slit through by a vertical cut. Two cuts were shewn by a jagging of the skin on the left side.
The abdominal walls were divided in the middle line to within a quarter of an inch of the navel. The cut then took a horizontal course for two inches and a half towards the right side. It then divided round the navel on the left side, and made a parallel incision to the former horizontal incision, leaving the navel on a tongue of skin. Attached to the navel was two and a half inches of the lower part of the rectus muscle on the left side of the abdomen. The incision then took an oblique direction to the right and was shelving. The incision went down the right side of the vagina and rectum for half an inch behind the rectum.
There was a stab of about an inch on the left groin. This was done by a pointed instrument.
Below this was a cut of three inches going through all tissues making a wound of the peritoneum about the same extent.
An inch below the crease of the thigh was a cut extending from the anterior spine of the ilium obliquely down the inner side of the left thigh and separating the left labium, forming a flap of skin up to the groin. The left rectus muscle was not detached.
There was a flap of skin formed by the right thigh, attaching the right labium, and extending up to the spine of the ilium. The muscles on the right side inserted into the frontal ligaments were cut through.
The skin was retracted through the whole of the cut through the abdomen, but the vessels were not clotted. Nor had there been any appreciable bleeding from the vessels. I draw the conclusion that the act was made after death, and there would not have been much blood on the murderer. The cut was made by someone on the right side of the body, kneeling below the middle of the body.
I removed the content of the stomach and placed it in a jar for further examination. There seemed very little in it in the way of food or fluid, but from the cut end partly digested farinaceous food escaped.
The intestines had been detached to a large extent from the mesentery. About two feet of the colon was cut away. The sigmoid flexure was invaginated into the rectum very tightly.
Right kidney was pale, bloodless with slight congestion of the base of the pyramids.
There was a cut from the upper part of the slit on the under surface of the liver to the left side, and another cut at right angles to this, which were about an inch and a half deep and two and a half inches long. Liver itself was healthy.
The gall bladder contained bile. The pancreas was cut, but not through, on the left side of the spinal column. Three and a half inches of the lower border of the spleen by half an inch was attached only to the peritoneum.
The peritoneal lining was cut through on the left side and the left kidney carefully taken out and removed. The left renal artery was cut through. I would say that someone who knew the position of the kidney must have done it.
The lining membrane over the uterus was cut through. The womb was cut through horizontally, leaving a stump of three quarters of an inch. The rest of the womb had been taken away with some of the ligaments. The vagina and cervix of the womb was uninjured.
The bladder was healthy and uninjured, and contained three or four ounces of water. There was a tongue-like cut through the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta. The other organs were healthy. There were no indications of connexion.
I believe the wound in the throat was first inflicted. I believe she must have been lying on the ground.
The wounds on the face and abdomen prove that they were inflicted by a sharp, pointed knife, and that in the abdomen by one six inches or longer.
I believe the perpetrator of the act must have had considerable knowledge of the position of the organs in the abdominal cavity and the way of removing them. It required a great deal of medical knowledge to have removed the kidney and to know where it was placed. The parts removed would be of no use for any professional purpose.
I think the perpetrator of this act had sufficient time, or he would not have nicked the lower eyelids. It would take at least five minutes.
I cannot assign any reason for the parts being taken away. I feel sure that there was no struggle, and believe it was the act of one person.
The throat had been so instantly severed that no noise could have been emitted. I should not expect much blood to have been found on the person who had inflicted these wounds. The wounds could not have been self-inflicted.
My attention was called to the apron, particularly the corner of the apron with a string attached. The blood spots were of recent origin. I have seen the portion of an apron produced by Dr. Phillips and stated to have been found in Goulston Street. It is impossible to say that it is human blood on the apron. I fitted the piece of apron, which had a new piece of material on it (which had evidently been sewn on to the piece I have), the seams of the borders of the two actually corresponding. Some blood and apparently faecal matter was found on the portion that was found in Goulston Street.
With this case we have several instances that are much like the other. But there are some discrepencies here:
- Absense of signs of forms of strangulation.
- Bruising on Eddowes's hand, probably a defensive wound.
- Lower Abdominal area is main target of attack. This time the vaginal area is left intact, including the cervix area.
- Intestines excluded from body, like Chapman.
- Kidney missing.
- Womb taken away, much like Chapman's.
- Facial mutilations. Nichols and Chapman's bodies both suffered no facial mutilations. In John J. Eddleston's book "Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopeadia" Eddleston interviewed a US Psychologist, James Cook. Cook stated the following:
"Psychological profilers usually claim that facial mutilations are evidence that the killer and the victim are known to each other. The stranger is an anonymous victim, so there is no need to depersonalize her, but if the killer knows his victim, then he has a chance to destroy her personality. The closer the relationship, the more extreme the mutilations"
So while we have some similarities here as in Chapman (Intestines over shoulder, style of neck wound) we are missing any signs of partial-strangulation, and Eddowes has a bruise on the back of her hand, suggestive defensive. In this aspect the death of Eddowes is quite puzzling. So far, with the deaths of Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes (And Stride) every crime has some minor similiar notions, but every murder is different in it's own way. This could possibly...."possibly" suggest different murderers. For what crimes I have not really thought of or specified as of yet. Just a suggestion.
With the case of Eddowes we must wonder as to why Dr. Brown listed in his post-mortem that there was no sign of Excretion in the thighs, and evidence of connection was nil. This could very well suggest that the police witnessed semen, or premature ecajulation on the body itself. The evidence of this could possibly have been withheld. Again this is merely speculation, but later on when Dr. Thomas Bond would enter the case and offer his analysis and profile on the crimes, he too would hint at a killer who operated with a form of sexual dysfunction, or gratification. Something completely unheard of at its time. In one parallel atleast, police officials created the first probably criminal profile in the history of homicide, as it would appear.
Mary Kelly
November 9th, 1888
After the body was discovered, later in the day, Dr. Thomas Bond performed his post-mortem examination on the mutilated remains: His report is as follows:
"The body was lying naked in the middle of the bed, the shoulders flat but the axis of the body inclined to the left side of the bed. The head was turned on the left cheek. The left arm was close to the body with the forearm flexed at a right angle and lying across the abdomen.
The right arm was slightly abducted from the body and rested on the mattress. The elbow was bent, the forearm supine with the fingers clenched. The legs were wide apart, the left thigh at right angles to the trunk and the right forming an obtuse angle with the pubes.
The whole of the surface of the abdomen and thighs was removed and the abdominal cavity emptied of its viscera. The breasts were cut off, the arms mutilated by several jagged wounds and the face hacked beyond recognition of the features. The tissues of the neck were severed all round down to the bone.
The viscera were found in various parts viz: the uterus and kidneys with one breast under the head, the other breast by the right foot, the liver between the feet, the intestines by the right side and the spleen by the left side of the body. The flaps removed from the abdomen and thighs were on a table.
The bed clothing at the right corner was saturated with blood, and on the floor beneath was a pool of blood covering about two feet square. The wall by the right side of the bed and in a line with the neck was marked by blood which had struck it in a number of separate splashes.
The face was gashed in all directions, the nose, cheeks, eyebrows, and ears being partly removed. The lips were blanched and cut by several incisions running obliquely down to the chin. There were also numerous cuts extending irregularly across all the features.
The neck was cut through the skin and other tissues right down to the vertebrae, the fifth and sixth being deeply notched. The skin cuts in the front of the neck showed distinct ecchymosis. The air passage was cut at the lower part of the larynx through the cricoid cartilage.
Both breasts were more or less removed by circular incisions, the muscle down to the ribs being attached to the breasts. The intercostals between the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs were cut through and the contents of the thorax visible through the openings.
The skin and tissues of the abdomen from the costal arch to the pubes were removed in three large flaps. The right thigh was denuded in front to the bone, the flap of skin, including the external organs of generation, and part of the right buttock. The left thigh was stripped of skin fascia, and muscles as far as the knee.
The left calf showed a long gash through skin and tissues to the deep muscles and reaching from the knee to five inches above the ankle. Both arms and forearms had extensive jagged wounds.
The right thumb showed a small superficial incision about one inch long, with extravasation of blood in the skin, and there were several abrasions on the back of the hand moreover showing the same condition.
On opening the thorax it was found that the right lung was minimally adherent by old firm adhesions. The lower part of the lung was broken and torn away. The left lung was intact. It was adherent at the apex and there were a few adhesions over the side. In the substances of the lung there were several nodules of consolidation.
The pericardium was open below and the heart absent. In the abdominal cavity there was some partly digested food of fish and potatoes, and similar food was found in the remains of the stomach attached to the intestines."
Dr. George Bagster Phillips was also present at the scene, and gave the following testimony at the inquest:
"The mutilated remains of a female were lying two-thirds over towards the edge of the bedstead nearest the door. She had only her chemise on, or some underlinen garment. I am sure that the body had been removed subsequent to the injury which caused her death from that side of the bedstead that was nearest the wooden partition, because of the large quantity of blood under the bedstead and the saturated condition of the sheet and the palliasse at the corner nearest the partition.
The blood was produced by the severance of the carotid artery, which was the cause of death. The injury was inflicted while the deceased was lying at the right side of the bedstead."
With the murder of Mary Kelly, we have less similarities to the murders of Nichols, Chapman, with somewhat similar techniques visible with the Eddowes murder. Kelly differs from Nichols and Chapman are as follows:
- No signs of forms of partial-strangulation
- No marks visible on face
Similarities with Eddowes are as follows:
- Evidence of bruising on Kelly's hand suggests a defensive wound
- Facial mutilations
And of course some striking words from Dr Bond:
"The skin and tissues of the abdomen from the costal arch to the pubes were removed in three large flaps."
"The whole of the surface of the abdomen and thighs was removed and the abdominal cavity emptied of its viscera."
"The legs were wide apart, the left thigh at right angles to the trunk and the right forming an obtuse angle with the pubes."
We have considerable damage done to the lower abdominal area of Mary Kelly, as visible with the other murders (Excluding Stride). Later on, after viewing the body of Mary Kelly, Thomas Bond would later review the murders from Nichols to Kelly and conclude a report of his own about the murders (With some minor discrepencies) and including a profile of the murderer. The fact that especially in the Eddowes case that the suggestion that there was no semen around her thighs, and that evidence showed no recent connection, suggests that there is very plausible reason to come to a conclusion that atleast in one situation or another, that the Ripper premature ejaculated on the body/bodies or retrieved some form of sexual relief.
But more so one at this time must consider the crimes in a league of their own, with the possiblity of all being attributed to one murderer rather questionable:
C1: NICHOLS: Partial-Strangulation, Throat cut, Abdominal slashes in abdomen, minor mutilation.
C2: CHAPMAN: Partial-Strangulation, Throat cut, Abdominal mutilation, part of reproductive system, vagina, completely absent
C3: STRIDE: Throat cut
C4: EDDOWES: Throat cut, Abdominal mutilations, Defensive mark on hand, Facial mutilations
C5: KELLY: Throat cut, Abdominal & body mutilations, facial mutilations, heart absent from body.
In conclusion, from what I've been able to tell so far, in conjunction with other profiler's conclusions, etc, the murders themselves then must be placed into three seperate categories:
GROUP 1: C1 & C2
GROUP 2: C3
GROUP 3: C4 & C5
In my opinion, further research is warranted, and something of course that I am in the process of doing, that rather needs a second thorough looking at in these murders when approaching them from a medical/Homicide point of view. I'll post more soon. Questions, Comments, Concerns... Have at it. I'll also post Coles, Mazkenzie and Tabram tomorrow.
Regards,
Justin
"It is interesting that Brown reports no trace of sexual connection and refers to the absense of secretion of any kind on the thighs, pointing to his possible expectation that premature ejaculation or masturbation over the body might have occured. This, like Bond's report and Anderson's remarks , points to a surprisingly confident and accurate recognition of the practices of sadistic serial murderers a sophisticated knowledge not possessed by the press or junior police of the period"
One of the major topics that I've always wondered was, did Jack the Ripper premature ejaculate on his victims after murder? This also means did he get some form of sexual relief from the deeds. I figure I'll go through each murder and seperate the details,etc.
Mary Ann Nichols
August 31st, 1888
Unfortunately as we all know, a post-mortem exanimation from Dr. Rees Ralph Llewellyn has not survived. The best recollection of the wounds committed to the body of Nichols are recorded in Llewellyn's Inquest tesimony, in The Times:
"Five teeth were missing, and there was a slight laceration of the tongue. There was a bruise running along the lower part of the jaw on the right side of the face. That might have been caused by a blow from a fist or pressure from a thumb. There was a circular bruise on the left side of the face which also might have been inflicted by the pressure of the fingers. On the left side of the neck, about 1 in. below the jaw, there was an incision about 4 in. in length, and ran from a point immediately below the ear. On the same side, but an inch below, and commencing about 1 in. in front of it, was a circular incision, which terminated at a point about 3 in. below the right jaw. That incision completely severed all the tissues down to the vertebrae. The large vessels of the neck on both sides were severed. The incision was about 8 in. in length. the cuts must have been caused by a long-bladed knife, moderately sharp, and used with great violence. No blood was found on the breast, either of the body or the clothes. There were no injuries about the body until just about the lower part of the abdomen. Two or three inches from the left side was a wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. the injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument."
Now of course with this we have the murderer starting out, or rather "fresh" in his crimes compared to the murders that occured in November of 1888. If this was the same killer, and such, so on and so forth, therefore his gradual perception of the crimes and the way he carried them out, would change overtime. There is a well done article done by own Corey Browning, whos a new poster on this sight (And new Ripperologist too) that deals with the "evolution" aspect of a serial killer and his gradual change over time. With this case we have of course the throat wound which resulted in death.
Now evidence here clearly shows that Nichols was most likely partial strangulated (Due to the marks on her face as well as the laceration of the tongue,etc) What we have in this case is not nearly any forms of mutilation that would be further charted in the other cases, but merely what Llewellyn states:
wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. the injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument.
So therefore we have what are long cuts that seem to have been violently thrusted downwards. the region of the damage to Nichols abdomen being situated around her lower abdomen/pubic region (The medical aspect of my book will further explain and delve into this part of the case so there is no need to further plot my theory here) Beyond that of course there had probably been no sign of connection or sexual intercourse. What we also must grasp is the police did not know what they were dealing with. The Ripper crimes themselves were, and still are one of a kind in their own in the world of Serial murders. Noone has ever quite amassed to the same types of murders in the same succession.
Annie Chapman
September 8th, 1888
After the body was discovered by John Davies a little before 6am. A half hour later, at 6:30, Police Surgeon George Bagster Phillips arrives. In his Inquest testimony, he is quoted as saying the following:
The left arm was placed across the left breast. The legs were drawn up, the feet resting on the ground, and the knees turned outwards. The face was swollen and turned on the right side. The tongue protruded between the front teeth, but not beyond the lips. The tongue was evidently much swollen. The front teeth were perfect as far as the first molar, top and bottom and very fine teeth they were. The body was terribly mutilated...the stiffness of the limbs was not marked, but was evidently commencing. He noticed that the throat was dissevered deeply.; that the incision through the skin were jagged and reached right round the neck...On the wooden paling between the yard in question and the next, smears of blood, corresponding to where the head of the deceased lay, were to be seen. These were about 14 inches from the ground, and immediately above the part where the blood from the neck lay.
[Ansering questions from the coroner]: He should say that the instrument used at the throat and abdomen was the same. It must have been a very sharp knife with a thin narrow blade, and must have been at least 6 in. to 8 in. in length, probably longer. He should say that the injuries could not have been inflicted by a bayonet or a sword bayonet. They could have been done by such an instrument as a medical man used for post-mortem purposes, but the ordinary surgical cases might not contain such an instrument. Those used by the slaughtermen, well ground down, might have caused them. He thought the knives used by those in the leather trade would not be long enough in the blade. There were indications of anatomical knowledge...he should say that the deceased had been dead at least two hours, and probably more, when he first saw her; but it was right to mention that it was a fairly cool morning, and that the body would be more apt to cool rapidly from its having lost a great quantity of blood. There was no evidence...of a struggle having taken place. He was positive the deceased entered the yard alive... (A handkerchief was round the throat of the deceased when he saw it early in the morning. He should say it was not tied on after the throat was cut.)
Dr. Phillips post-mortem report:
He noticed the same protrusion of the tongue. There was a bruise over the right temple. On the upper eyelid there was a bruise, and there were two distinct bruises, each the size of a man's thumb, on the forepart of the top of the chest. The stiffness of the limbs was now well marked. There was a bruise over the middle part of the bone of the right hand. There was an old scar on the left of the frontal bone. The stiffness was more noticeable on the left side, especially in the fingers, which were partly closed. There was an abrasion over the ring finger, with distinct markings of a ring or rings. The throat had been severed as before described. the incisions into the skin indicated that they had been made from the left side of the neck. There were two distinct clean cuts on the left side of the spine. They were parallel with each other and separated by about half an inch. The muscular structures appeared as though an attempt had made to separate the bones of the neck. There were various other mutilations to the body, but he was of the opinion that they occurred subsequent to the death of the woman, and to the large escape of blood from the division of the neck.
The deceased was far advanced in disease of the lungs and membranes of the brain, but they had nothing to do with the cause of death. The stomach contained little food, but there was not any sign of fluid. There was no appearance of the deceased having taken alcohol, but there were signs of great deprivation and he should say she had been badly fed. He was convinced she had not taken any strong alcohol for some hours before her death. The injuries were certainly not self-inflicted. The bruises on the face were evidently recent, especially about the chin and side of the jaw, but the bruises in front of the chest and temple were of longer standing - probably of days. He was of the opinion that the person who cut the deceased throat took hold of her by the chin, and then commenced the incision from left to right. He thought it was highly probable that a person could call out, but with regard to an idea that she might have been gagged he could only point to the swollen face and the protruding tongue, both of which were signs of suffocation.
The abdomen had been entirely laid open: the intestines, severed from their mesenteric attachments, had been lifted out of the body and placed on the shoulder of the corpse; whilst from the pelvis, the uterus and its appendages with the upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri. Obviously the work was that of an expert- of one, at least, who had such knowledge of anatomical or pathological examinations as to be enabled to secure the pelvic organs with one sweep of the knife, which must therefore must have at least 5 or 6 inches in length, probably more. The appearance of the cuts confirmed him in the opinion that the instrument, like the one which divided the neck, had been of a very sharp character. The mode in which the knife had been used seemed to indicate great anatomical knowledge.
He thought he himself could not have performed all the injuries he described, even without a struggle, under a quarter of an hour. If he had down it in a deliberate way such as would fall to the duties of a surgeon it probably would have taken him the best part of an hour
With this case, we have a severe escalation from the murder prior of Nichols. where the lower abdominal area was the "focus" of the Ripper. In this case we are faced with the same similarities as in the death of Nichols. Bruising of face, protrusion of tongue, most likely partial-strangulation followed by the severance of the arteries in her throat, rendering death.
But lets look at a bolded entry from Phillip's post-mortem more carefully:
"upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri."
Not only was the abdominal/vaginal area once more subject and focus of the mutilations, but the vagina was atleast removed enough to where it did not cause damage to the cervix area. We will also see the same situation in mutilations, where the killer removed the vaginal area, leaving the cervix part "unharmed". As in the case of Nichols, with Chapman we have no reported observance of previous connection or sexual contact.
The situation with Nichols & Chapman is that compared to Martha Tabram, an occurence of 39 stabs wounds would be something of a "sexual relief". But a situation where the Ripper would be ripping open a woman's abdomen, and taking away the entire reproductive system would also seem to be a form of sexual gratification.
Catherine Eddowes
September 31st, 1888
We can discount Elizabeth Stride here because of the absense of mutilations. Therefore we move onto Catherine Eddowes and the mutilations and wounds she recieved when she died. PC Watkins located Eddowes's body in the corner of Mitre Square at 1:45am. By 2:00am, Dr. Frederick Gordon Brown, The London Polioce Surgeon, arrived on scene. I have bolded his sentences that are relevant to this thread. His report states:
"The body was on its back, the head turned to left shoulder. The arms by the side of the body as if they had fallen there. Both palms upwards, the fingers slightly bent. The left leg extended in a line with the body. The abdomen was exposed. Right leg bent at the thigh and knee. The throat cut across.
The intestines were drawn out to a large extent and placed over the right shoulder -- they were smeared over with some feculent matter. A piece of about two feet was quite detached from the body and placed between the body and the left arm, apparently by design. The lobe and auricle of the right ear were cut obliquely through.
There was a quantity of clotted blood on the pavement on the left side of the neck round the shoulder and upper part of arm, and fluid blood-coloured serum which had flowed under the neck to the right shoulder, the pavement sloping in that direction.
Body was quite warm. No death stiffening had taken place. She must have been dead most likely within the half hour. We looked for superficial bruises and saw none. No blood on the skin of the abdomen or secretion of any kind on the thighs. No spurting of blood on the bricks or pavement around. No marks of blood below the middle of the body. Several buttons were found in the clotted blood after the body was removed. There was no blood on the front of the clothes. There were no traces of recent connexion.
When the body arrived at Golden Lane, some of the blood was dispersed through the removal of the body to the mortuary. The clothes were taken off carefully from the body. A piece of deceased's ear dropped from the clothing.
I made a post mortem examination at half past two on Sunday afternoon. Rigor mortis was well marked; body not quite cold. Green discoloration over the abdomen.
After washing the left hand carefully, a bruise the size of a sixpence, recent and red, was discovered on the back of the left hand between the thumb and first finger. A few small bruises on right shin of older date. The hands and arms were bronzed. No bruises on the scalp, the back of the body, or the elbows.
The face was very much mutilated. There was a cut about a quarter of an inch through the lower left eyelid, dividing the structures completely through. The upper eyelid on that side, there was a scratch through the skin on the left upper eyelid, near to the angle of the nose. The right eyelid was cut through to about half an inch.
There was a deep cut over the bridge of the nose, extending from the left border of the nasal bone down near the angle of the jaw on the right side of the cheek. This cut went into the bone and divided all the structures of the cheek except the mucous membrane of the mouth.
The tip of the nose was quite detached by an oblique cut from the bottom of the nasal bone to where the wings of the nose join on to the face. A cut from this divided the upper lip and extended through the substance of the gum over the right upper lateral incisor tooth.
About half an inch from the top of the nose was another oblique cut. There was a cut on the right angle of the mouth as if the cut of a point of a knife. The cut extended an inch and a half, parallel with the lower lip.
There was on each side of cheek a cut which peeled up the skin, forming a triangular flap about an inch and a half. On the left cheek there were two abrasions of the epithelium under the left ear.
The throat was cut across to the extent of about six or seven inches. A superficial cut commenced about an inch and a half below the lobe below, and about two and a half inches behind the left ear, and extended across the throat to about three inches below the lobe of the right ear.
The big muscle across the throat was divided through on the left side. The large vessels on the left side of the neck were severed. The larynx was severed below the vocal chord. All the deep structures were severed to the bone, the knife marking intervertebral cartilages. The sheath of the vessels on the right side was just opened.
The carotid artery had a fine hole opening, the internal jugular vein was opened about an inch and a half -- not divided. The blood vessels contained clot. All these injuries were performed by a sharp instrument like a knife, and pointed.
The cause of death was haemorrhage from the left common carotid artery. The death was immediate and the mutilations were inflicted after death.
We examined the abdomen. The front walls were laid open from the breast bones to the pubes. The cut commenced opposite the enciform cartilage. The incision went upwards, not penetrating the skin that was over the sternum. It then divided the enciform cartilage. The knife must have cut obliquely at the expense of that cartilage.
Behind this, the liver was stabbed as if by the point of a sharp instrument. Below this was another incision into the liver of about two and a half inches, and below this the left lobe of the liver was slit through by a vertical cut. Two cuts were shewn by a jagging of the skin on the left side.
The abdominal walls were divided in the middle line to within a quarter of an inch of the navel. The cut then took a horizontal course for two inches and a half towards the right side. It then divided round the navel on the left side, and made a parallel incision to the former horizontal incision, leaving the navel on a tongue of skin. Attached to the navel was two and a half inches of the lower part of the rectus muscle on the left side of the abdomen. The incision then took an oblique direction to the right and was shelving. The incision went down the right side of the vagina and rectum for half an inch behind the rectum.
There was a stab of about an inch on the left groin. This was done by a pointed instrument.
Below this was a cut of three inches going through all tissues making a wound of the peritoneum about the same extent.
An inch below the crease of the thigh was a cut extending from the anterior spine of the ilium obliquely down the inner side of the left thigh and separating the left labium, forming a flap of skin up to the groin. The left rectus muscle was not detached.
There was a flap of skin formed by the right thigh, attaching the right labium, and extending up to the spine of the ilium. The muscles on the right side inserted into the frontal ligaments were cut through.
The skin was retracted through the whole of the cut through the abdomen, but the vessels were not clotted. Nor had there been any appreciable bleeding from the vessels. I draw the conclusion that the act was made after death, and there would not have been much blood on the murderer. The cut was made by someone on the right side of the body, kneeling below the middle of the body.
I removed the content of the stomach and placed it in a jar for further examination. There seemed very little in it in the way of food or fluid, but from the cut end partly digested farinaceous food escaped.
The intestines had been detached to a large extent from the mesentery. About two feet of the colon was cut away. The sigmoid flexure was invaginated into the rectum very tightly.
Right kidney was pale, bloodless with slight congestion of the base of the pyramids.
There was a cut from the upper part of the slit on the under surface of the liver to the left side, and another cut at right angles to this, which were about an inch and a half deep and two and a half inches long. Liver itself was healthy.
The gall bladder contained bile. The pancreas was cut, but not through, on the left side of the spinal column. Three and a half inches of the lower border of the spleen by half an inch was attached only to the peritoneum.
The peritoneal lining was cut through on the left side and the left kidney carefully taken out and removed. The left renal artery was cut through. I would say that someone who knew the position of the kidney must have done it.
The lining membrane over the uterus was cut through. The womb was cut through horizontally, leaving a stump of three quarters of an inch. The rest of the womb had been taken away with some of the ligaments. The vagina and cervix of the womb was uninjured.
The bladder was healthy and uninjured, and contained three or four ounces of water. There was a tongue-like cut through the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta. The other organs were healthy. There were no indications of connexion.
I believe the wound in the throat was first inflicted. I believe she must have been lying on the ground.
The wounds on the face and abdomen prove that they were inflicted by a sharp, pointed knife, and that in the abdomen by one six inches or longer.
I believe the perpetrator of the act must have had considerable knowledge of the position of the organs in the abdominal cavity and the way of removing them. It required a great deal of medical knowledge to have removed the kidney and to know where it was placed. The parts removed would be of no use for any professional purpose.
I think the perpetrator of this act had sufficient time, or he would not have nicked the lower eyelids. It would take at least five minutes.
I cannot assign any reason for the parts being taken away. I feel sure that there was no struggle, and believe it was the act of one person.
The throat had been so instantly severed that no noise could have been emitted. I should not expect much blood to have been found on the person who had inflicted these wounds. The wounds could not have been self-inflicted.
My attention was called to the apron, particularly the corner of the apron with a string attached. The blood spots were of recent origin. I have seen the portion of an apron produced by Dr. Phillips and stated to have been found in Goulston Street. It is impossible to say that it is human blood on the apron. I fitted the piece of apron, which had a new piece of material on it (which had evidently been sewn on to the piece I have), the seams of the borders of the two actually corresponding. Some blood and apparently faecal matter was found on the portion that was found in Goulston Street.
With this case we have several instances that are much like the other. But there are some discrepencies here:
- Absense of signs of forms of strangulation.
- Bruising on Eddowes's hand, probably a defensive wound.
- Lower Abdominal area is main target of attack. This time the vaginal area is left intact, including the cervix area.
- Intestines excluded from body, like Chapman.
- Kidney missing.
- Womb taken away, much like Chapman's.
- Facial mutilations. Nichols and Chapman's bodies both suffered no facial mutilations. In John J. Eddleston's book "Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopeadia" Eddleston interviewed a US Psychologist, James Cook. Cook stated the following:
"Psychological profilers usually claim that facial mutilations are evidence that the killer and the victim are known to each other. The stranger is an anonymous victim, so there is no need to depersonalize her, but if the killer knows his victim, then he has a chance to destroy her personality. The closer the relationship, the more extreme the mutilations"
So while we have some similarities here as in Chapman (Intestines over shoulder, style of neck wound) we are missing any signs of partial-strangulation, and Eddowes has a bruise on the back of her hand, suggestive defensive. In this aspect the death of Eddowes is quite puzzling. So far, with the deaths of Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes (And Stride) every crime has some minor similiar notions, but every murder is different in it's own way. This could possibly...."possibly" suggest different murderers. For what crimes I have not really thought of or specified as of yet. Just a suggestion.
With the case of Eddowes we must wonder as to why Dr. Brown listed in his post-mortem that there was no sign of Excretion in the thighs, and evidence of connection was nil. This could very well suggest that the police witnessed semen, or premature ecajulation on the body itself. The evidence of this could possibly have been withheld. Again this is merely speculation, but later on when Dr. Thomas Bond would enter the case and offer his analysis and profile on the crimes, he too would hint at a killer who operated with a form of sexual dysfunction, or gratification. Something completely unheard of at its time. In one parallel atleast, police officials created the first probably criminal profile in the history of homicide, as it would appear.
Mary Kelly
November 9th, 1888
After the body was discovered, later in the day, Dr. Thomas Bond performed his post-mortem examination on the mutilated remains: His report is as follows:
"The body was lying naked in the middle of the bed, the shoulders flat but the axis of the body inclined to the left side of the bed. The head was turned on the left cheek. The left arm was close to the body with the forearm flexed at a right angle and lying across the abdomen.
The right arm was slightly abducted from the body and rested on the mattress. The elbow was bent, the forearm supine with the fingers clenched. The legs were wide apart, the left thigh at right angles to the trunk and the right forming an obtuse angle with the pubes.
The whole of the surface of the abdomen and thighs was removed and the abdominal cavity emptied of its viscera. The breasts were cut off, the arms mutilated by several jagged wounds and the face hacked beyond recognition of the features. The tissues of the neck were severed all round down to the bone.
The viscera were found in various parts viz: the uterus and kidneys with one breast under the head, the other breast by the right foot, the liver between the feet, the intestines by the right side and the spleen by the left side of the body. The flaps removed from the abdomen and thighs were on a table.
The bed clothing at the right corner was saturated with blood, and on the floor beneath was a pool of blood covering about two feet square. The wall by the right side of the bed and in a line with the neck was marked by blood which had struck it in a number of separate splashes.
The face was gashed in all directions, the nose, cheeks, eyebrows, and ears being partly removed. The lips were blanched and cut by several incisions running obliquely down to the chin. There were also numerous cuts extending irregularly across all the features.
The neck was cut through the skin and other tissues right down to the vertebrae, the fifth and sixth being deeply notched. The skin cuts in the front of the neck showed distinct ecchymosis. The air passage was cut at the lower part of the larynx through the cricoid cartilage.
Both breasts were more or less removed by circular incisions, the muscle down to the ribs being attached to the breasts. The intercostals between the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs were cut through and the contents of the thorax visible through the openings.
The skin and tissues of the abdomen from the costal arch to the pubes were removed in three large flaps. The right thigh was denuded in front to the bone, the flap of skin, including the external organs of generation, and part of the right buttock. The left thigh was stripped of skin fascia, and muscles as far as the knee.
The left calf showed a long gash through skin and tissues to the deep muscles and reaching from the knee to five inches above the ankle. Both arms and forearms had extensive jagged wounds.
The right thumb showed a small superficial incision about one inch long, with extravasation of blood in the skin, and there were several abrasions on the back of the hand moreover showing the same condition.
On opening the thorax it was found that the right lung was minimally adherent by old firm adhesions. The lower part of the lung was broken and torn away. The left lung was intact. It was adherent at the apex and there were a few adhesions over the side. In the substances of the lung there were several nodules of consolidation.
The pericardium was open below and the heart absent. In the abdominal cavity there was some partly digested food of fish and potatoes, and similar food was found in the remains of the stomach attached to the intestines."
Dr. George Bagster Phillips was also present at the scene, and gave the following testimony at the inquest:
"The mutilated remains of a female were lying two-thirds over towards the edge of the bedstead nearest the door. She had only her chemise on, or some underlinen garment. I am sure that the body had been removed subsequent to the injury which caused her death from that side of the bedstead that was nearest the wooden partition, because of the large quantity of blood under the bedstead and the saturated condition of the sheet and the palliasse at the corner nearest the partition.
The blood was produced by the severance of the carotid artery, which was the cause of death. The injury was inflicted while the deceased was lying at the right side of the bedstead."
With the murder of Mary Kelly, we have less similarities to the murders of Nichols, Chapman, with somewhat similar techniques visible with the Eddowes murder. Kelly differs from Nichols and Chapman are as follows:
- No signs of forms of partial-strangulation
- No marks visible on face
Similarities with Eddowes are as follows:
- Evidence of bruising on Kelly's hand suggests a defensive wound
- Facial mutilations
And of course some striking words from Dr Bond:
"The skin and tissues of the abdomen from the costal arch to the pubes were removed in three large flaps."
"The whole of the surface of the abdomen and thighs was removed and the abdominal cavity emptied of its viscera."
"The legs were wide apart, the left thigh at right angles to the trunk and the right forming an obtuse angle with the pubes."
We have considerable damage done to the lower abdominal area of Mary Kelly, as visible with the other murders (Excluding Stride). Later on, after viewing the body of Mary Kelly, Thomas Bond would later review the murders from Nichols to Kelly and conclude a report of his own about the murders (With some minor discrepencies) and including a profile of the murderer. The fact that especially in the Eddowes case that the suggestion that there was no semen around her thighs, and that evidence showed no recent connection, suggests that there is very plausible reason to come to a conclusion that atleast in one situation or another, that the Ripper premature ejaculated on the body/bodies or retrieved some form of sexual relief.
But more so one at this time must consider the crimes in a league of their own, with the possiblity of all being attributed to one murderer rather questionable:
C1: NICHOLS: Partial-Strangulation, Throat cut, Abdominal slashes in abdomen, minor mutilation.
C2: CHAPMAN: Partial-Strangulation, Throat cut, Abdominal mutilation, part of reproductive system, vagina, completely absent
C3: STRIDE: Throat cut
C4: EDDOWES: Throat cut, Abdominal mutilations, Defensive mark on hand, Facial mutilations
C5: KELLY: Throat cut, Abdominal & body mutilations, facial mutilations, heart absent from body.
In conclusion, from what I've been able to tell so far, in conjunction with other profiler's conclusions, etc, the murders themselves then must be placed into three seperate categories:
GROUP 1: C1 & C2
GROUP 2: C3
GROUP 3: C4 & C5
In my opinion, further research is warranted, and something of course that I am in the process of doing, that rather needs a second thorough looking at in these murders when approaching them from a medical/Homicide point of view. I'll post more soon. Questions, Comments, Concerns... Have at it. I'll also post Coles, Mazkenzie and Tabram tomorrow.
Regards,
Justin
Comment